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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fiddlehead</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fiddle head" redirects here. For the part of the musical instrument, see <a href="Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the band, see <a href="Fiddlehead_(band)" title="Fiddlehead (band)">Fiddlehead (band)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Fiddleheads</b> or <b>fiddlehead greens</b> are the furled <a href="Frond" title="Frond">fronds</a> from a fledgling <a href="Fern" title="Fern">fern</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> harvested for use as a <a href="Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a>.

</p><p>Left on the plant, each fiddlehead would unroll into a new <a href="Frond" title="Frond">frond</a> (<a href="Circinate_vernation" class="mw-redirect" title="Circinate vernation">circinate vernation</a>). As fiddleheads are harvested early in the season, before the frond has opened and reached its full height, they are cut fairly close to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Fiddleheads from <a href="Bracken" title="Bracken">brackens</a> contain <a href="Ptaquiloside" title="Ptaquiloside">ptaquiloside</a>, a compound associated with <a href="Bracken#Toxicity" title="Bracken">bracken toxicity</a>, and <a href="Thiaminase" title="Thiaminase">thiaminase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all species contain ptaquiloside, such as <i><a href="Diplazium_esculentum" title="Diplazium esculentum">Diplazium esculentum</a></i>, a fern with fiddleheads regularly consumed in parts of East Asia, which differs from bracken (<i><a href="Pteridium_aquilinum" title="Pteridium aquilinum">Pteridium aquilinum</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The fiddlehead resembles the curled ornamentation (called a <i>scroll</i>) on the end of a stringed instrument, such as a <a href="Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>. It is also called a <b>crozier</b>, after the <a href="Crozier" title="Crozier">curved staff</a> used by <a href="Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, which has its origins in the <a href="Shepherd's_crook" title="Shepherd's crook">shepherd's crook</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2></div>

<p>The fiddleheads of certain ferns are eaten as a cooked <a href="Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetable</a>. The most popular of these are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Bracken" title="Bracken">Bracken</a>, <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i>, found worldwide (Toxic if not cooked fully)</li>

<li><a href="Ostrich_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrich fern">Ostrich fern</a>, <i>Matteuccia struthiopteris</i>, found in northern regions worldwide, and the central/eastern part of North America <i><a href="#Constituents">(See health warning)</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Athyrium_filix-femina" title="Athyrium filix-femina">Lady fern</a>, <i>Athyrium filix-femina</i>, throughout most of the temperate northern hemisphere.</li>

<li><a href="Cinnamon_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamon fern">Cinnamon fern</a> or buckhorn fern, <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i>, found in the eastern parts of <a href="North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, although not so palatable as ostrich fern.</li>

<li><a href="Osmunda_regalis" title="Osmunda regalis">Royal fern</a>, <i>Osmunda regalis</i>, found worldwide</li>

<li><a href="Stenochlaena_palustris" title="Stenochlaena palustris">Midin</a>, or <i><a href="Stenochlaena" title="Stenochlaena">Stenochlaena</a> palustris</i>, found in <a href="Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, where it is prized as a local delicacy<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Zenmai</i> or <a href="Flowering_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowering fern">flowering fern</a>, <i>Osmunda japonica</i>, found in <a href="East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegetable_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable fern">Vegetable fern</a>, <i>Athyrium esculentum</i>, found throughout Asia and <a href="Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul>

<p>Fiddleheads' ornamental value makes them very expensive in the temperate regions where they are not abundant.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_harvesting">Sources and harvesting</h2></div>

<p>Available seasonally, fiddleheads are both foraged and commercially harvested in spring.<sup id="cite_ref-TorStar_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TorStar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When picking fiddleheads, it is recommended to take only one third the tops per plant/cluster for sustainable harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each plant produces several tops that turn into fronds.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_uses">Culinary uses</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on

<ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Fiddlehead" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Fiddlehead"> Fiddlehead</a></b></i></li></ul>

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<p>Fiddleheads have been part of traditional diets in much of Northern <a href="France" title="France">France</a> since the beginning of the Middle Ages, across <a href="Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and also among <a href="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also part of the diet in the <a href="Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> where they are often picked in the wild in autumn, preserved in salt over winter, and then consumed in spring.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_cuisine">Asian cuisine</h3></div>

<p>In Indonesia, young fiddlehead ferns are cooked in a rich coconut sauce spiced with <a href="Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>, <a href="Galangal" title="Galangal">galangal</a>, <a href="Lemongrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemongrass">lemongrass</a>, <a href="Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> leaves and other spices. This dish is called <i>gulai pakis</i> or <i>gulai paku</i>, and originated from the <a href="Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> ethnic group of <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.

</p><p>In the <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, young fronds of <i><a href="Diplazium_esculentum" title="Diplazium esculentum">Diplazium esculentum</a></i> or <i>pakô</i> is a delicacy often made into a salad with tomato, <a href="Salted_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Salted egg">salted egg</a> slices, and a simple vinaigrette dressing.

</p><p>In East Asia, fiddleheads of bracken (<i><a href="Pteridium_aquilinum" title="Pteridium aquilinum">Pteridium aquilinum</a></i>) are eaten as a vegetable, called <i>kogomi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Hani">コゴミ</span></span>) in Japan, <i>gosari</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">고사리</span></span>) in Korea, and <i>juécài</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蕨菜</span></span>) in China and <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.

</p><p>In <a href="Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, a typical <i><a href="Banchan" title="Banchan">banchan</a></i> (small side dish) is <i>gosari-namul</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">고사리나물</span></span>), which consists of prepared fernbrake fiddleheads that have been <a href="Saute" class="mw-redirect" title="Saute">sauteed</a>. It is also a component of the popular dish <i><a href="Bibimbap" title="Bibimbap">bibimbap</a></i>, <i><a href="Yukgaejang" title="Yukgaejang">yukgaejang</a></i>, and <i><a href="Bindae-tteok" title="Bindae-tteok">bindae-tteok</a></i>. In <i><a href="Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a></i>, southernmost island of South Korea, collecting it in April to May is a convention.

</p><p>In <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, bracken fiddleheads are a prized dish, and roasting the fiddleheads is reputed to neutralize any toxins in the vegetable. In Japan, fiddleheads of flowering fern (<i><a href="Osmunda_japonica" title="Osmunda japonica">Osmunda japonica</a></i>), known as <i>zenmai</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Hani">薇</span></span>), as well as those of the ostrich fern (<i><a href="Matteuccia_struthiopteris" class="mw-redirect" title="Matteuccia struthiopteris">Matteuccia struthiopteris</a></i>), known as <i>kogomi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Kana">コゴミ</span></span>), are commonly eaten in springtime. Fiddleheads in Japan are considered <i><a href="Sansai" title="Sansai">sansai</a></i>, or wild vegetables. They are also traditionally used to make <i><a href="Warabimochi" title="Warabimochi">warabimochi</a>,</i> a Japanese-style dessert.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_cuisine">Indian cuisine</h3></div>

<p>In the <a href="Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, it is found in the <a href="Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> states of <a href="North_India" title="North India">North</a> and <a href="Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>. In the state of <a href="Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, it is known as muikhonchok in the <a href="Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a> language. As part of the <a href="Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri cuisine</a>; fiddlehead fern is prepared by stir frying as bhaja served as a side dish. In <a href="Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> it is known as 'Chekoh' in the local <a href="Thadou_people" title="Thadou people">Thadou</a> language. It is usually eaten stir fried with chicken, eggs, prawns or other proteins.

</p><p>In Mandi (Himachal Pradesh) it is called Lingad and used for vegetable pickling. In the <a href="Kullu#Kullu_Valley" title="Kullu">Kullu Valley</a> in <a href="Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, it is known locally as <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">lingri</i></span> and is used to make a pickle <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">lingri ka achaar</i></span>. In the <a href="Kangra_Valley" title="Kangra Valley">Kangra Valley</a> it is called <span title="Kangri-language romanization"><i lang="xnr-Latn">lungdu</i></span> in the <a href="Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri dialect</a> and is eaten as a vegetable. In <a href="Chamba%2C_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Chamba, Himachal Pradesh">Chamba</a> it is known as "kasrod".

In <a href="Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon division</a> of <a href="Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, it is called limbra. In <a href="Garhwal_division" title="Garhwal division">Garhwal division</a> of <a href="Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, it is called <span title="Garhwali-language romanization"><i lang="gbm-Latn">languda</i></span> and eaten as a vegetable. In <a href="Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> and <a href="Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> regions, it is called <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">niyuro</i></span> (नियुरो) and is common as a vegetable side dish, often mixed with local cheese and sometimes pickled. In Southern regions of <a href="West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> it is known as dheki shaak or dheki shaag.

</p><p>In <a href="Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, it is known as <span title="Ipulo-language romanization"><i lang="ass-Latn">dhekia xak</i></span> (<a href="Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>: <span lang="as">ঢেকীয়া শাক</span>); there it is a popular side dish. In the area of <a href="Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> in <a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, it's known as <i>kasrod</i> (कसरोड). The most famous <a href="Dogras" title="Dogras">Dogra</a> dish is <i>kasrod ka achaar</i> (fiddlehead fern pickle). In <a href="Poonch_(town)" title="Poonch (town)">Poonch</a>, it is known as 'Kandor'(कंडोर) in local language. In <a href="Kishtwar" title="Kishtwar">Kishtwar</a>, it is known as <span title="Kashmiri-language romanization"><i lang="ks-Latn">ted</i></span> (टेड‍‌) in the local language <a href="Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a>. It is also cooked as a dry vegetable side dish to be eaten with <a href="Roti" title="Roti">rotis</a> or <a href="Paratha" title="Paratha">parathas</a>. In Ramban district of Jammu and Kashmir, it is called "DheeD" in Khah language.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepali_cuisine">Nepali cuisine</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, it is a <a href="Seasonal_food" title="Seasonal food">seasonal food</a> called <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">niyuro</i></span> (नियुरो) or <i>niuro</i> (निउरो). There are three varieties of fiddlehead most commonly found in Nepali cuisine, namely सेती निउरो having whitish green stem, काली निउरो having dark purple stem, and ठूलो निउरो having large green stems. It is served as a vegetable side dish, often cooked in local clarified butter. It is also pickled.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_cooking">North American cooking</h3></div>

<p>Ostrich ferns (<i><a href="Matteuccia" title="Matteuccia">Matteuccia struthiopteris</a></i>), known locally as "fiddleheads", grow wild in wet areas of northeastern North America in spring. The <a href="Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a>, <a href="Mi'kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a>, and <a href="Penobscot" title="Penobscot">Penobscot</a> peoples of <a href="Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> and <a href="Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> have traditionally harvested fiddleheads, and the vegetable was introduced first to the <a href="Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a> settlers in the early 18th century, and later to <a href="United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalists</a> as they began settling in <a href="New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> in the 1780s.<sup id="cite_ref-Grace_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grace-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Small_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fiddleheads remain a traditional dish in these regions, with most commercial harvesting occurring in New Brunswick, <a href="Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and Maine, and the vegetable is considered particularly emblematic of New Brunswick.<sup id="cite_ref-TorStar_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TorStar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North America's largest grower, packer and distributor of wild fiddleheads established <a href="Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>'s first commercial fiddlehead farm in <a href="Port_Colborne" title="Port Colborne">Port Colborne</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-TorStar_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TorStar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fiddlehead-producing areas are also located in <a href="Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and <a href="New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian village of <a href="Tide_Head%2C_New_Brunswick" title="Tide Head, New Brunswick">Tide Head, New Brunswick</a> bills itself as the "Fiddlehead Capital of the World."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Fiddleheads are sold fresh and frozen. Fresh fiddleheads are available in the market for only a few weeks in springtime, and are fairly expensive. Pickled and frozen fiddleheads, however, can be found in some shops year-round. The vegetable is typically steamed, boiled and/or sautéed before being eaten hot, with <a href="Hollandaise_sauce" title="Hollandaise sauce">hollandaise sauce</a>, butter, lemon, vinegar and/or garlic, or chilled in salad or with <a href="Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a>.

</p><p>To cook fiddleheads, it is advised<sup id="cite_ref-health_canada_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health_canada-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to remove the brown papery husk before washing in several changes of cold water, then boil or steam them. Boiling reduces the bitterness and the content of <a href="Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a> and toxins. The <a href="Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> associated a number of food-borne illness cases with fiddleheads in the early 1990s. Although they did not identify a toxin in the fiddleheads, the findings of that case suggest that fiddleheads should be cooked thoroughly before eating.<sup id="cite_ref-health_canada_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health_canada-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cooking time recommended by health authorities is 15 minutes if boiled and 10 to 12 minutes if steamed.<sup id="cite_ref-health_canada_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health_canada-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cooking method recommended by gourmets is to spread a thin layer in a steam basket and steam lightly, just until tender crisp.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Māori_cuisine">Māori cuisine</h3></div>

<p><a href="M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> people have historically eaten young fern shoots called <a href="Pikopiko" title="Pikopiko">pikopiko</a>, which can refer to several species of New Zealand ferns.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constituents">Constituents</h2></div>

<p>Fiddleheads are low in sodium, but rich in potassium.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many ferns also contain the <a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="Thiaminase" title="Thiaminase">thiaminase</a>, which breaks down <a href="Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>. This can lead to <a href="Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a>, if consumed in extreme excess.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Further, there is some evidence that certain varieties of fiddleheads, e.g. bracken (<i>Pteridium</i> genus), are toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recommended to fully cook fiddleheads to destroy the <a href="Shikimic_acid" title="Shikimic acid">shikimic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ostrich fern (<i>Matteuccia struthiopteris</i>) is not thought to cause cancer,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is evidence it contains a toxin unidentified as yet.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Boyi_and_Shuqi" title="Boyi and Shuqi">Boyi and Shuqi</a>: two Chinese princes who were said to have famously survived exile in the wilderness for a long while on a diet of fiddleheads</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.Michael Hogan. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Fern">Fern. Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for Science and the Environment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109071540/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Fern">Archived</a> November 9, 2011, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/life/maine-moments/tis-the-seasonfor-fiddleheads/97-632f31eb-929e-470d-9957-063843cf5fbb">"'Tis the season...for fiddleheads!"</a>. <i>newscentermaine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGomesMagalhãesMichelAmado2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gomes, Joana; Magalhães, Ana; Michel, Valérie; Amado, Inês F; Aranha, Paulo; Ovesen, Rikke G; Hansen, Hans C B; Gärtner, Fátima; Reis, Celso A; Touati, Eliette (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfr329">"Pteridium aquilinum and Its Ptaquiloside Toxin Induce DNA Damage Response in Gastric Epithelial Cells, a Link with Gastric Carcinogenesis"</a>. <i>Toxicological Sciences</i>. <b>126</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>71. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfr329">10.1093/toxsci/kfr329</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22143989">22143989</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2018" class="citation news cs1">Churchill, Edward (6 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406043655/http://www.theborneopost.com/2018/04/06/enjoy-your-midin-without-fear-professor/">"Enjoy your midin without fear — Professor"</a>. The Borneo Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2018/04/06/enjoy-your-midin-without-fear-professor/">the original</a> on 6 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_P.K.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Paul P.K., Chai (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529135516/http://eprints.utar.edu.my/2006/1/Midin_(Stenochlaena_palustris),_the_popular_wild_vegetable_of_Sarawak.pdf">"Midin (Stenochlaena palustris), the popular wild vegetable of Sarawak"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Agriculture Science Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (2). Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman: <span class="nowrap">18–</span>20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.utar.edu.my/2006/1/Midin_(Stenochlaena_palustris),_the_popular_wild_vegetable_of_Sarawak.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-TorStar-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TorStar_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TorStar_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TorStar_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoney2008" class="citation news cs1">Honey, Kim (21 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625180314/https://www.thestar.com/life/2008/05/21/attuned_to_fiddleheads.html">"Attuned to fiddleheads"</a>. <i><a href="Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/life/2008/05/21/attuned_to_fiddleheads.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extension.umaine.edu/publications/2540e/">University of Maine, "Ostrich Fern Fiddleheads"</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall2010" class="citation book cs1">McDougall, Len (9 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zculenf-zgC&pg=PA59">"Food"</a>. <i>The Self-Reliance Manifesto: Essential Outdoor Survival Skills</i>. United States: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 59. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781616080617</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Grace-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grace_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604155354/http://www.gracelinks.org/2296/real-food-right-now-and-how-to-cook-it-fiddleheads">"Real Food Right Now and How to Cook It: Fiddleheads - A Brief History"</a>. Grace Communications Foundation. March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracelinks.org/2296/real-food-right-now-and-how-to-cook-it-fiddleheads">the original</a> on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Small-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Small_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmall2014" class="citation book cs1">Small, Ernest (2014). <i>North American Cornucopia: Top 100 Indigenous Food Plants</i>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">308–</span>9. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4665-8592-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526172421/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fiddleheads/">"Fiddleheads"</a>. <i><a href="Canadian_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Encyclopedia">Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fiddleheads/">the original</a> on 26 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalshMcCallum2015" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Victoria; McCallum, Scott (2015). <i>A Field Guide to Canadian Cocktails</i>. <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="Random_House_of_Canada" title="Random House of Canada">Random House of Canada</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-449-01663-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBushwayWilsonMcGannBushway1982" class="citation journal cs1">Bushway, A. A.; Wilson, A. M.; McGann, D. F.; Bushway, R. J. (1982). "The Nutrient Composition of Fresh Fiddlehead Greens". <i>Journal of Food Science</i>. <b>47</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">666–</span>667. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.1982.tb10147.x">10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb10147.x</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1976" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, W. C. (1976). "Bracken thiaminase-mediated neurotoxic syndromes". <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>73</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>131. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1976.tb02017.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.1976.tb02017.x</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Genus.aspx?id=1017">"Pteridium - Genus Page - ISB: Atlas of Florida Plants"</a>. <i>florida.plantatlas.usf.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlonso-AmelotAvendaño2002" class="citation journal cs1">Alonso-Amelot, M. E.; Avendaño, M. (March 2002). "Human carcinogenesis and bracken fern: a review of the evidence". <i>Current Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>9</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">675–</span>686. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F0929867023370743">10.2174/0929867023370743</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0929-8673">0929-8673</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11945131">11945131</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEvansOsman1974" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, I. A.; Osman, M. A. (1974). "Carcinogenicity of bracken and shikimic acid". <i>Nature</i>. <b>250</b> (5464): <span class="nowrap">348–</span>349. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F250348a0">10.1038/250348a0</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4211848">4211848</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4175635">4175635</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellBrewer1980" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, M. E.; Brewer, W. R. (1980). "Possible Hazards of Eating Bracken Fern". <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>303</b> (3). Massachusetts Medical Society: 164. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198007173030324">10.1056/NEJM198007173030324</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7383086">7383086</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00032588.htm">"Ostrich Fern Poisoning -- New York and Western Canada, 1994"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Barrett, L. E. and Diket, Lin. <i>FiddleMainia</i>. WaveCloud Corporation: 2014. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-62217-164-4</bdi>.</li>

<li>Lyon, Amy, and Lynne Andreen. <i>In a Vermont Kitchen</i>. <a href="HP_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Books">HP Books</a>: 1999. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55788-316-5</bdi>. pp 68–69.</li>

<li>Strickland, Ron. <i>Vermonters: Oral Histories from Down Country to the Northeast Kingdom</i>. New England Press: 1986. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87451-867-9</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on

<ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Fiddlehead" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Fiddlehead"> Fiddlehead</a></b></i></li></ul>

</div></div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fiddlehead_ferns" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Fiddlehead ferns">Fiddlehead ferns</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extension.umaine.edu/publications/4198e/">Facts on Fiddleheads</a>, University of Maine, 2018</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Non-timber_forest_products870" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li>

<li><a href="Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li>

<li><a href="Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li>

<li><a href="Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li>

<li><a href="Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li>

<li><a href="Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li>

<li><a href="Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li>

<li><a href="Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li>

<li><a href="Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li>

<li><a href="Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li>

<li><a href="Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li>

<li><a href="Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li>

<li><a href="Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li>

<li><a href="Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li>

<li><a href="Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li>

<li><a href="Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li>

<li><a href="Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li>

<li><a href="Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li>

<li><a href="Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li>

<li><a href="Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li>

<li><a href="Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li>

<li><a href="Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li>

<li><a href="Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li>

<li><a href="Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li>

<li><a href="Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li>

<li><a href="Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li>

<li><a href="Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li>

<li><a href="Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li>

<li><a href="Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li>

<li><a href="Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li>

<li><a href="Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li>

<li><a href="Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li>

<li><a href="Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li>

<li><a href="Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li>

<li><a href="Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li>

<li><a href="Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li>

<li><a href="Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li>

<li><a href="Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li>

<li><a href="Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li>

<li><a href="Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li>

<li><a href="Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li>

<li><a href="Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li>

<li><a href="Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li>

<li><a href="Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li>

<li><a href="Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li>

<li><a href="Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li>

<li><a href="Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li>

<li><a href="Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li>

<li><a href="Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li>

<li><a href="Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li>

<li><a href="Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li>

<li><a href="Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li>

<li><a href="Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li>

<li><a href="Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li>

<li><a href="Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li>

<li><a href="Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li>

<li><a href="Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li>

<li><a href="Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li>

<li><a href="Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li>

<li><a href="Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li>

<li><a href="Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li>

<li><a href="Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li>

<li><a href="Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li>

<li><a href="Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li>

<li><a href="Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li>

<li><a href="Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li>

<li><a href="Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li>

<li><a href="Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li>

<li><a href="Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li>

<li><a href="Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li>

<li><a href="Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li>

<li><a href="Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li>

<li><a href="Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li>

<li><a href="Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li>

<li><a href="Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></b></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Fiddlehead&oldid=1301060438">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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